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1、 Function Overview

Data monitoring function

BMS can monitor various key data of the battery pack in real time. It can accurately measure the voltage of each individual cell, for example, in a lithium battery pack, it can detect the voltage changes of each cell, and the error range can usually be controlled within a few millivolts. At the same time, the total current of the battery pack will also be monitored, whether it is charging current or discharging current, in order to determine the working status of the battery.

Monitoring the temperature of the battery is also an important part. BMS can sense the temperature of various parts of the battery in real time through temperature sensors distributed in the battery pack, and the temperature monitoring accuracy can reach about ± 1 ℃. This is crucial for preventing performance degradation or safety accidents caused by battery overheating or overcooling.

State estimation function

Based on the monitored data, BMS can accurately estimate the status of the battery. The most important one is SOC (State of Charge), which is the estimation of the remaining battery capacity. It uses complex algorithms, combined with parameters such as battery voltage, current, temperature, etc., to calculate the remaining battery power in real time, with an error generally controlled within 5% -10%, providing users with accurate battery information.

At the same time, BMS can also evaluate the State of Health (SOH) of the battery, which is the health status of the battery. By long-term recording of factors such as the number of charge and discharge cycles, capacity degradation, etc. of the battery, it can be determined whether the battery has aging, performance degradation, and other problems, providing reference for battery maintenance and replacement.

Battery balancing function

In battery packs, the performance of individual cells may vary due to factors such as manufacturing processes and usage environments. The balancing function of BMS can effectively solve this problem. It mainly has two balancing methods. One is passive balancing, which involves connecting a resistor in parallel for each individual battery in the battery pack. When the voltage of a battery is too high, the excess energy is consumed in the form of heat energy through the resistor; Another approach is active balancing, which transfers the energy of high-voltage batteries to low-voltage batteries to achieve voltage balance among the various batteries in the battery pack, thereby extending the overall lifespan of the battery pack.

Security protection function

BMS is an important guardian of battery pack safety. When the battery experiences overcharging, such as when the charging voltage exceeds the set safety threshold (usually for lithium batteries, there are strict regulations on the charging cut-off voltage), the BMS will immediately cut off the charging circuit to prevent the battery from being damaged or even causing safety accidents due to overcharging.

Similarly, in terms of over discharge, once the battery voltage falls below the specified minimum discharge voltage, the BMS will also stop discharging to avoid irreversible capacity loss caused by over discharge of the battery. In addition, when abnormal situations such as high battery temperature or short circuit are detected, BMS will quickly take measures, such as cutting off the circuit, issuing alarms, etc., to ensure the safety of the battery pack.

2、 Hardware components

Main Control Unit (MCU)

This is the core component of BMS, equivalent to the brain. MCU is usually a high-performance microprocessor responsible for receiving and processing data from various sensors, running complex algorithms to achieve functions such as battery state estimation and balance control. It can make corresponding decisions based on pre-set program logic, such as issuing control instructions to activate protection mechanisms when abnormal situations are detected.

sensor

Voltage sensors are used to measure the voltage of each individual cell and battery pack. These sensors need to have high precision and reliability to ensure accurate voltage data acquisition.

Current sensors are mainly responsible for measuring the charging and discharging currents of battery packs. Hall effect current sensors are generally used, which can accurately measure the current magnitude under high current conditions and have good linearity.

Temperature sensors are distributed in various key parts of the battery pack, such as between battery cells and on the surface of battery modules. Common temperature sensors include thermistor sensors, which can quickly respond to temperature changes and provide real-time temperature information for BMS.

Balanced circuit

As mentioned earlier, the balancing circuit is a key component in achieving battery balancing function. For passive balancing circuits, they are mainly composed of a series of balancing resistors and control switches. When balancing is required, the control switch will connect the corresponding resistor in parallel with the high-voltage battery cell according to the instructions of the MCU, starting the balancing process.

Active balancing circuits are relatively complex and may include components such as inductors, capacitors, and switching tubes. By constructing energy transfer circuits, energy is transferred from high-voltage batteries to low-voltage batteries, achieving more efficient battery balancing.

communication interface

BMS is usually equipped with multiple communication interfaces, such as CAN bus interface, RS-485 interface, or SPI interface. These communication interfaces are used for communication with external devices, such as data exchange with the vehicle control unit (VCU) of electric vehicles, monitoring systems of energy storage systems, etc. Through these interfaces, external devices can obtain battery status data monitored by BMS, and also send control instructions to BMS to achieve remote monitoring and management of the battery pack.


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